Participants Benefit From Tourette Syndrome Association Workshop Hosted by Brehm

On Dec. 19th Brehm Prep School hosted a workshop in conjunction with the Tourette Syndrome Association. The workshop, titled "Tourette Syndrome and Associated Disorders in the Classroom" was geared towards educators and allied professionals.

Children with Tourette syndrome present unique challenges in the classroom. Participants in the workshop learned about how the condition is diagnosed and how it can be managed at school.

Other topics of the workshop included: criteria for diagnosing Tourette syndrome, disorders often associated with Tourette syndrome (ADHD, OCD, learning disabilities, fine motor deficits and sensory defensiveness) and behaviors associated with Tourette syndrome, ADHD, OCD and learning disabilities.

The presenter, Susan Conners, M. Ed is an Education Specialist for the National Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc. and was the founder of TSA of Greater New York State. With 33 years of teaching experience, Conners has also served on the TSA board of directors and chaired the education committee. Conners also discussed her experiences as a person who is diagnosed with Tourette syndrome.

The information provided in this program was supported by a grant/cooperative program from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The grant allowed all participants to attend the workshop at no cost.

Cutting your tax bill when you donate stock

As you know Brehm is a 501(c)(3) and is currently running behind with our contribution goal for the end of the year. From Kiplinger's Personal Finance Adviser:

"Feeling charitable this holiday season? Consider donation appreciated stock, rather then cash, to your favorite cause.

As long as you have owned the stock for more than a year, you reap a double tax break: You can deduct the full market value of your donation and escape capital gains tax on the appreciation. The recipient charity doesn't pay taxes, either. But don't donate stock that has lost value. You're better off selling it, claiming the loss to reduce your tax bill, and then donating the cash. Make sure you get a receipt from the charity to satisfy new tax rules that require documentation for any amount you contribute to a charity."

Brehm Holiday Party Photo Essay.

After a great lunch served by the Brehm cafeteria staff, students were treated with an afternoon of Holiday party fun. Staff brought in cookies, snacks and and other treats to enjoy.


Students had fun with karaoke, crafts, a Halo tournament, Guitar Hero, cards, and other games throughout the student activity center.

The movie "Elf" was also shown.

Remembering Brehm during the Holidays

During the rush and business of the holiday season we encourage our faithful and new parents to remember Brehm when considering an end-of-the year tax deductible gift.

Brehm is currently running behind compared to last year's giving and the goals for the 2008-09 Annual Giving Campaign. We need $79,737 by December 31st to reach our campaign projections.

If you have not contributed to the annual fund by December 31st so that your 100% tax deductible donation will count toward the 2008 tax year, please do so now. Your gift may include cash, credit card, check, shares of stock, donations of insurance policies, inclusions in wills, services and/or products. You may send a check to:

Brehm Prep School
1245 E. Grand Avenue
Carbondale, IL 62901

...or donate right now through our secure online "Donate" option using your credit card (see the "Donate" button on the right side of this blog, just below local weather).

For more information on contributing to Brehm contact Russell Williams, Coordinator of Development, at 618-457-0371 or rwilliams@brehm.org

Another Proud Parent Thanks Brehm Preparatory School!

Hi Brehm Faculty,

Michelle MacLellan is graduating from UC Merced (University of California) this month with a degree in Psychology and we could not have done it without you. Michelle graduated from Brehm in 2003 and it has been a long road, but she has obtained success and we are very proud of her.

We will never forget all that Brehm did for Michelle and how she had been written off by her public school district here and now she is graduating from college.

God bless all of you,
Anne M. MacLellan
Mom of Michelle MacLellan

Annual "Lights Fantastic" Parade!

The annual Lights Fantastic Parade took place this past Saturday, and Brehm Prep School was proudly part of the long Southern Illinois holiday tradition.

Numerous Brehm students helped create the
float and were part of the show.

Many thousands lined the streets to enjoy the holiday gathering that was ended with Santa wishing everyone happy holidays. Megan Cole, executive director of Carbondale Main Street, said over 50 floats, bands and community groups were part of this year's parade.





Click on the arrow within the video to see (and hear) the fun for yourself!

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Get 12 FREE months of flowers when you donate to Brehm!

Get 12 different flower bouquets FREE, one per month, from “A Petal Patch Florist”, when you donate $20 or more to Brehm Preparatory School (for a very limited time - so act fast). You can give these beautiful bouquets as gifts throughout the year, or enjoy them in your own home:

Christmas Mix Bouquet - December 2008
Love Bunch Bouquet - January 2009
March Winds Bouquet - March 2009
Spring Bouquet - April 2009
Mixed Bouquet - May 2009
I Do Bouquet - June 2009
Sizzling Summer Bouquet - July 2009
Hot August Bouquet - August 2009
Florist Choice Bouquet - September 2009
Harvest Bouquet - October 2009
Fall Mix Bouquet - November 2009

This great Carbondale, Illinois deal won’t last long. To get your punch card/coupon for 12 FREE months of flowers for a $20 or more contribution to Brehm, call Tina Rathjen at 618-457-0371 (ext 1306). And yes, Brehm is a 501c3 and 100% tax deductible.

End of the Semester arrives at the OPTIONS Program!

A letter from OPTIONS Program at Brehm Coordinator, Char F. Reed

The end of another great semester has arrived at the OPTIONS Program. And, a lot has been accomplished.

Within the Independent Living program, students sponsored a haunted room in the Haunted High School. This was a fund raiser for the Boys’ and Girls’ Club. Students (and staff) planned and implemented a haunted room; it was a lot of work, but also great fun for many.

Students also participated in an Etiquette Dinner on the Southern Illinois University Campus. This was attended by SIU students and presented by SIU staff. Students generally enjoyed it and one OPTIONS student was quoted in the college newspaper, speaking favorably about the event.

Students concluded their weekly potluck dinners with a special holiday potluck dinner that was attended by staff and friends. It was a great feast as well as a chance to relax and socialize. As we look to next semester, we are excited to have a graduate intern in Nutrition Counseling who will be working with students and staff in the Independent Living Program.

The Independent Living Program will also be partnering with Southern Illinois University to host and train two field work students. One is in the Therapeutic Recreation Program, and the other is in the Outdoor Recreation Program. We look forward to this partnership.

The end of the semester also finds 15 students completing 33 classes at John A. Logan College.

Cassidy Wilson, a student in the Extension Program at OPTIONS, completed her Office Assistant certificate at JALC. She is leaving us to return home to seek employment using her newly acquired skills and certificate.

Next semester, 21 OPTIONS students are registered for a record 52 classes at JALC!

Students participated in 17 internship experiences during the fall semester. Starting in January, 27 students will participate in internship opportunities at 30 different sites. The OPTIONS Program has added ten new internship sites to those we draw from, bringing the total to 50. Due to the increase in sites and internship participation, OPTIONS added the position of vocational assistant and job coach. This position was filled by a staff member who has her Master's in Rehabilitation Counseling. As in the past, OPTIONS will continue their partnership with Rehabilitation Services at SIU. OPTIONS will supervise one master's intern from Rehabilitation Counseling and one undergraduate from Rehabilitation Services.

As usual for the OPTIONS students and staff, the semester concluded with holiday giving.

This year, Christmas was provided to residents at the Masonic Children’s Home in Murphysboro, Illinois. This facility provides long term residential care for children between the ages of 4 and 18. The residents will each receive a new pair of shoes and several items of clothing. Several gifts were purchased for each of the cottages. This was a great activity that really reinforced for all the true joy of giving.

Until next semester, happy holidays!

Char F. Reed
Coordinator,
Options Program at Brehm

Brehm to host educational workshop in conjunction with the Tourette Syndrome Association

One of the nation’s leading schools for children with complex learning disabilities, Brehm Preparatory School, will host a workshop about Tourette syndrome.

The conference, which will take place on Dec. 19, 2008, from 8:30 – 4:00 p.m., will provide information about how the condition is diagnosed, how it can be managed in the classroom and disorders associated with it. The workshop is geared towards educators and professionals who may be faced with unique challenges when dealing with children who have Tourette syndrome.

The Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA) is a sponsor of this event, which will be taking place at Brehm Preparatory School in the Student Activities Center. This 7-hour conference is eligible for continuing education credits and paperwork will be available on-site.

Susan Conners, M. Ed. who is an education specialist for the National Tourette Syndrome Association and served on the TSA board of directors will be the presenter. The mission of the TSA is to identify the cause of, find the cure for and control the effects of Tourette syndrome.

To find out more, or to attend the free conference/workshop, contact Brittany Morlan at 618.457.0371 or bmorlan@brehm.org.

Brehm Preparatory School is a 501 (c) (3) non-for-profit, located in Carbondale, IL. with a mission to empower students with complex learning disabilities to recognize and optimize their full potential.

Scott tells his Brehm success story.

“Brehm gave me boundaries.

By finding boundaries, I’m able to create positive relationships. I just get along with everyone better. All the great friends I’ve made at Brehm mean the world to me.

Not only has Brehm helped me with my learning disability and reading, but I now know how to choose what’s right and wrong — in any situation. I especially like the compliments I get from my grandparents.”

— Scott

Brehm featured in The Southern Newspaper

Brehm Preparatory School and it's new impact on the basketball court was featured in an article this past week in the Southern Newspaper:

"It has taken more than a decade of planning, strategizing and general logistical debate, but Brehm Preparatory School has implemented a new scholarship program this year for student-athletes with learning differences.

Brehm, among the best schools in the country at educating LD students, has welcomed a pair of students from Africa into the scholarship program. Both are ranked among the top 10 basketball players in the state of Illinois, according to ChicagoHoops.com.

"The primary responsibility for any student here is to do the academics," said executive director Rich Collins. "The basketball players we have on the prep team bring a new level of sophistication and talent, which was not on the campus before.

"Therefore, it generates excitement, but the work ethic the athletes are showing toward their academics is, again, primary."

A lot of the buzz surrounds 6-foot-9 freshman Emmanuel Ochenje, who comes to Brehm via the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The Bears' power forward is ChicagoHoops.com's No. 1 ranked prospect in the 2012 class and has drawn interest from several schools, including Kentucky, Illinois, Southern Illinois University, Memphis, Oklahoma and LSU.

"We were looking to do a lot of different things," said Brehm head coach Aaron Lee, in his 16th year with the school. "Not just develop our sports program, but to diversify our campus as well as our staff. We took our basketball program from one level to the next and it's become what it is now."

ChicagoHoops.com called Ochenje a "dazzling combination of size, athleticism and skill," while competing on the travel team circuit as a part of the Illinois Titans, also coached by Lee.

"At the beginning, it was kind of different for me," Ochenje said of attending Brehm. "As soon as you get used to it, you start loving it and you just can't help it."

Making the Bears even more impressive are 6-7 forward James "Bamba" Siakam and 6-3 point guard Bruce Barron, who transferred to Brehm this season. Siakam is ChicagoHoops.com's ninth-ranked prospect in the 2011 class, while the Chicago Sun Times ranks him 11th.

"My main goal of coming to the United States was to get a good education," Siakam said. "I really want to improve my ball-handling, shot-blocking and attacking the basket."

Siakam, a native of Cameroon, put up 17 points, and went 3-for-4 from the charity stripe, in Brehm's 79-75 loss to Rend Lake College on Nov. 17. The Bears have been playing junior colleges for competition this season and led the Warriors 40-31 at halftime.

"We've got a pretty good nucleus of young kids that we think is going to give us an opportunity to be very successful in the years to come," Lee said. "We've got some very versatile kids. Our 6-6 kids can play the 2, the 3 and before coming here, some of them played the 4. In fact, Bruce played the post position at some time before coming here."

OPTIONS Program Delivers Independence

The OPTIONS Program at Brehm is a very unique place for post high school students with complex learning disabilities. It's a comprehensive transitional program, with structured apartment living. The OPTIONS Program develops students academic, employment and social skills required for success by emphasizing independent living, self-advocacy skills, and learning how to learn.

The core curriculums offered through the OPTIONS Program are designed to introduce students to a wide range of skills needed for either College Transition Track or the Certificate of Completion Track.

The first semester is dedicated to transitioning the student, monitoring progress and assessing academic competencies.

The OPTIONS Program offers:

• Structured living with Independent Living Counselors
• Social skills training & implementation
• Academic instruction
• Speech language therapy
• Nursing staff and support
• Internship participation
• Employment readiness
• Two instructional tracks:
1) College Transition Track - College class participation
with academic support
2) Certificate of Completion Track - Certificates include:
Business
Retail
Medical
Computer
Animal Care
Social Services
Food Services

To learn more about the OPTIONS Program call 618.549.4201.

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A Happy Thanksgiving At Brehm

The annual Thanksgiving Dinner for Lunch was held today here at Brehm. It was a great day for appreciating fantastic food with fellow Students before Thanksgiving school break.

At one point, after everyone was seated, and before the food line began, students would raise hands to take turns in giving thanks. One of the many moving statements from a student on the floor, "I'm thankful for friends and family and the opportunity to be here", seemed to sum it all up.

Each of the Brehm staff brought a bowl of something tasty,
to accompany the main Turkey meal seasoned and cooked
to perfection by the cafeteria.

Students lined up to eat, before they would leave for
Thanksgiving break with family.

What goes better with turkey than something blue to drink?

Smiles all around.

Greece, here we come!

Brehm has a tradition of taking international trips.

Last year's trip to Ireland added many wonderful memories to our dossier of good times.

Our next trip will be to Greece. It will depart on April 19th, and return April 26th, 2009.

For the duration of the International Trip, students will stay in centrally-located, comfortable hotels. The structured program includes sightseeing trips, excursions, walking tours, a boat cruise and many exciting local tours.

If you would like your child to participate, a down payment of $500 is required by Oct. 25, 2008, or Contact Barb Lawrence at (618) 457-0371 for more info.

"Coach" Talks About Brehm Bears Basketball!

Discovering Independence at OPTIONS

The OPTIONS Program at Brehm is a comprehensive transitional program for students with complex learning disabilities who have graduated from high school, earned their GED, or who have chosen to defer graduation in order to participate in our independence program.

The OPTIONS Program develops post-high school students academic, employment and social skills required for success by emphasizing independent living, self-advocacy skills, and learning how to learn.

The OPTIONS Program delivers a unique holistic program which fulfills the academic, social, and emotional needs of each student through a partnership among the staff, students, parents, board members, and community.

Students live in apartments within the small mid-west town of Carbondale, Illinois, located near the OPTIONS instructional building and Southern Illinois University (SIU) campus.

The apartments are supervised by Independent Living Counselors.
Many real life "Teachable moments" help move students toward healthy relationships and independence.

A 24/7 nursing staff provides education guidance, health and wellness and medication oversight. Transportation is provided for all program obligations and activities. To learn more about the OPTIONS Program call 618.549.4201.

Areas of focus:

• Meal planning, shopping
• and preparation
• Emotional coping skills
• Money management
• Follow-through & preparedness
• Interpersonal communication
• Social strategies & self management
• Accountability for actions
• Self-advocacy
• Safe behavior
• Time management
• Organization
• Personal hygiene
• Honesty and integrity

Another Brehm Success Story

“I accept myself.

I’ve learned to cope with my disabilities and accept who I am. I was hyper and immature and now I know how to get along better with people, thanks to Brehm. The teachers here are great. They go the extra mile to help me comprehend — they even help me when I get stuck on my homework.

It’s a real privilege to attend Brehm.”

— Maddy

Brehm Bears Basketball Schedule

Brehm Basketball Schedule

11/15/2008 Lalumiere Academy 7:00 P.M.
11/17/2008 Rend Lake JC 7:30 P.M.
11/22/2008 @ Lincoln Trail College 7:30 P.M.
11/24-28/2008 @ Martin Luther King Classic (Mem.) TBA
12/08/2008 @ John A. Logan College 7:00 P.M.
12/10/2008 Lincoln Trail College 7:00 P.M.
12/12/2008 Graves County, KY Shootout 9:00 P.M.
01/03/2009 @ SEC 7:30 P.M.
01/09/2009 @ Bowden Academy 7:00 P.M.
01/10/2009 Laumiere Academy TBA
01/14/2009 New Creations 7:30 P.M.
01/17/2009 @ New Creations 7:30 P.M.
01/20/2009 Covington, TN TBA
02/14/2009 @ John Wood Comm. College TBA
02/21/2009 @ Lake Forest Aademy 1:00 P.M.

Brehm School Basketball

10/28/2008 Liberation/Ezra (Boys/Girls) 5:30 P.M.
11/14/2008 Trinity 6:00 P.M.
11/18/2008 Liberation/Ezra 5:30 P.M.
12/16/2008 Trinity 6:00 P.M.
02/03/2009 Agape 5:30 P.M.
02/17/2009 Agape 5:30 P.M.

Also check out our events calendar.

Brehm Annual Giving 2008-2009

Over the past twenty-five years Mrs. Carol Brehm's dream to create an effective, life-changing school for students with complex learning disabilities has been realized and established.

Today, as we move into a new era of Brehm and The OPTIONS Program, we invite you to join us and invest in the next generation of students.

Your generous 100% tax deductible support will allow us to continue to build on the extraordinary successes we offer students — making today's dreams, tomorrow's realities.

Everyday, Brehm students benefit from the support of our alumni, parents, grandparents, and friends, thanks to the rich opportunities created via the Brehm Annual Fund.

Tuition and fees pay for the day-to-day operations of our school but we are indebted to our faithful donors who support the full educational experiences Brehm has to offer.

The 2008-2009 Brehm Annual Fund supports staff development, student programs and our campus Master Plan. For example, this past year, two instructors (and therefore numerous students) benefited from a specialized "Making Math Real" workshop which was provided by a generous donor. Student programs like the Robotics Team, Paint Ball Club, basketball, soccer, and theater productions are also funded via the Annual Fund.

Your tax deductible gift can include cash, check, credit cards, shares of stock, donations of insurance policies, inclusion in wills, services and products. To discuss the opportunities of giving to Brehm please contact your Coordinator of Development, Russell Williams, at (618) 457-0371 ext 1308.

WE WANT YOU to join Carbondale’s Brehm Robotics Team!

Brehm Preparatory School is entering the FIRST Robotics competition — and we need more mentors for our team!

Brehm is an internationally known school for students with complex learning disabilities, grades 6-12, right here in Carbondale, Illinois. FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) is an international robotics organization founded by noted inventor Dean Kamen in 1991, to inspire students across the country to pursue careers in science and to use math and science to make the world a better place.

If you have the following talent to offer contact Team Megahurts today:

• Administration
• Engineering (ME/EE and CE)
• Photography
• Organizing
• Sponsors
• Video/Film
• Web Design
• Writing

Interested? Call Joe Viscomi, Chief Robotics Mentor, at 618.457.0371

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A Brehm and OPTIONS Success Story

"I first came to Brehm in 1995 and now I hold a staff sports writer position with the Southern Illinoisan newspaper. Recently, I won my first Associated Press award!

After struggling with parochial school, I was diagnosed with ADD and OCD. Soon after, I began attending Brehm and OPTIONS, which helped me through community college and then Southern Illinois University.

Thanks to the lessons I've learned from Brehm, I'm only the second person in my family to graduate from college.”

— Pete Spitler

CATCH BREHM ROBOTICS PRIDE!

Our Brehm Robotics team builds awareness of science and technology for Brehm students as well as for southern Illinois. Brehm robotics students are beginning to mentor local elementary school students and are planning community events to help educate others in our community about science, technology and math.

WHAT IS THE F.I.R.S.T. ROBOTICS COMPETITION?

The FIRST Robotics Competition (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), founded by noted inventor Dean Kamen in 1991, challenges teams of young people to solve a common problem using a standard "kit of parts". Students build robots from the parts and compete against other teams across the country.

This year holds much promise for “Team Megahurts” — Last year, only our second year, we came within one position of making the semifinals!

Your support could take us to that next level.

Contact Russ Williams, Brehm’s Coordinator of Development, at (618) 457-0371 ext 1308, or rwilliams@brehm.org, today to find out more about your tax deductible sponsorship.

Stay tunes to this blog for upcoming Robotics news and events.

Greetings From Our Director

Welcome to our Brehm family! We are the only boarding school in the Midwest specifically designed to meet the needs of students with complex learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder issues. We are not a traditional, English-style boarding school. We are based on a family model.

Our philosophy is that our students' issues affect the whole family, not just the child. Each member of the family is impacted by the struggles of students with LD/ADHD issues. Parents become overwhelmed, first due to the issues which impact family life and second due to a lack of understanding by school systems, extended family members, and society in general as to the needs of the child and the demands on parents.

Brehm's model of intervention focuses on the "whole child." We focus on the academic, social, and emotional needs of the students and the family. Our dorms are organized for family living and function as independent family units. Our social skills training program is centered in each dorm because our students need to learn how to function as a productive and contributing member in the dorms and at home. It is usually at home that our students vent their daily frustrations because that is a safe place for them to do so. We recognize this as a survival behavior.

Our students often develop survival behaviors because they protect themselves against a perceived hostile world where they are failures. These behaviors, which are often negative in action or attitude, are the students' way of surviving. Our task is to directly teach students the social skills of how to say they are angry without getting in trouble for it. They can do that by developing appropriate communication skills (social skills), knowing what they are successful at (strengths) and knowing what strategies they need to be more successful. They need an opportunity to belong to a peer group which is not judgmental but supportive. They need adults who understand their struggle and are willing to work with them to develop the skills to be successful socially and academically. Emotional healing occurs in the process of the hard work with support.

Support and understanding for the child take a major burden off the parents. In a boarding situation, homework, chores, time management, organization skills, study skills, etc., are more manageable because all the peers have the same expectations. Participation in activities with peers is contingent on performance in problem areas. Focus on the issues in our environment is not a stigma because all students have similar issues. The primary focus is on strengths which are utilized to teach the student how to compensate for weak areas.

If your child has a need for a positive peer group; greater structure on a daily basis; more direct instruction in social skills; greater remedial efforts; and a traditional high school academic experience, where he or she can still be successful without a watered-down curriculum, you need to check out a boarding school. If you as a parent need to be able to have a normal family life and reclaim your family life because of lack of support, you need to check out a boarding school.

We deal with families. We recognize the stress and issues. We strive to provide normalization. We want our families to enjoy their families. We wish you well on your search. Give us a call about our program or other resources in your area. Maybe we can help.

Yours truly,
Richard G. Collins, Ph.D.

Executive Director

Richard G. Collins, Ph.D. is a nationally recognized leader in the field of education for students with learning disabilities. He has taught at the college level and was Lab School Director at Lesley College. He co-founded a day program for LD/BD students in Boston and established and administered an alternative school in St. Louis. He consults on the development of schools for students with learning disabilities and also works with private and public schools on a variety of specialized areas.

In addition, he serves on several boards of professional organizations. He is a site reviewer for ISACS accreditation of schools. He has also reviewed programs for the US Department of Education Blue Ribbon Awards.

Brehm Preparatory School Empowers Students

Brehm Preparatory School empowers students with complex learning disabilities to recognize and optimize their full potential.

Complex Learning Disabilities involve processing deficits that can affect reading, writing, math, listening, spelling, reasoning, organization of information, and/or spoken language.

o Dyslexia
o Dysgraphia
o Dyscalculia

Attention Deficit Disorder with or without hyperactivity is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder that results in a persistent pattern of impulsivity, inattention, and/or hyperactivity

Asperger's Syndrome is one of the autism spectrum disorders or pervasive developmental disorders and is associated with poor social development; restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests; and often accompanied by poor gross motor skills

Nonverbal Learning Disorder is a developmental or learning disorder that adversely affects motor functions, sensory integration, visual spatial functions, arithmetic, social cognition and inferential reasoning.

Speech and Language Disorder is characterized by inability to produce correct and/or fluent speech sounds or problems with voice when addressing issues with speech. When addressing language it is characterized by one, difficulties in understanding information presented orally and/or through written form; two, difficulties sharing thoughts, ideas, and or feeling; or, three, difficulties with both of the aforementioned.

Auditory Processing Disorder is difficulty in processing information in the central nervous system that results in problems with sound location; auditory discrimination; auditory pattern recognition; temporal integration, discrimination, ordering and masking; discerning competing noises; and, degrading acoustic signals.

Pragmatic Language Disorder is difficulty in the initiation and on-going engagement of conversation, as well as, the inability to correctly use social convention and/or read body language

Secondary Social/Emotional Disorders that often accompany or are a result of difficulties encountered due to one or more of the primary disorder mentioned above. Some of the most common include:

o Anxiety Disorder
o Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
o Adjustment Disorder
o Immaturity
o Depression

Due to the co morbidity of these varying learning, social and emotional disorders our population has diverse profiles.